Conservation biology is recently evolved branch of biological sciences in response to the extinction processes we have witnessed during the past few decades. Biodiversity conservation can not be effectively made in the absence of basic information in systematics. "A Textbook of Systematics and Biodiversity Conservation" is intended to be used for college and university students in biology as part of their courses on systematics, biodiversity and conservation biology. Systematics and biodiversity conservation are to be developed as core subjects of university students in biology. In this textbook, we have attempted to strike a balance between fundamental details and recent developments in systematics and biodiversity conservation. Concern for depletion of natural habitats and extinction of species are stressed and conservation priorities are emphasized. A good proportion of our biology students graduate with insufficient information on systematics, which leads them to face difficulties in identifying even common species of plants and animals around. Special attention has been given to simplify the text in an easily understandable form so that any one with basic interest in biology can make use of it for analyses of species composition in their study areas. It is hoped that this textbook will be able to solve many of the basic doubts of students, who study systematics and biodiversity, and form a source of inspiration for taking related topics for advanced research.