In vaginal ecosystem, resident bacteria and tissues of the vagina interact in such a way that a dynamic and balanced microbiota is preserved. The multiplication of Lactobacillus species leads to a variety of metabolites production. Lactic acid is one of the metabolites produced by Lactobacillus species in vagina which maintains the pH of the vagina between 3.5 to 4.5. This acidic environment along with other factors act as a defence mechanism against pathogenic microbes in the vagina. Under certain conditions, vaginal infections are manifested such as bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, urinary tract infections, and increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections by commensal anaerobes such as Gardnerella, Atopobium, Prevotella, and Mobiluncus. A healthy female vagina is affected by many factors such as age, medications, etc but shows resilience by returning to normal conditions rich in Lactobacilli species. The diversity of vaginal microbiota and function of the vaginal microbiota are now better understood due to biotechnology advancements. Metabolomics can be used to precisely detect, identify and characterize the metabolites produced by vaginal microbial residents. Host-pathogen interactions can be understood by these advance molecular techniques. Approaches and therapeutic treatments to cure female vaginal infections can get better with use of advance techniques such as recombinant hormone replacement therapy. Biotechnology perspectives when used in a regulated approach can help to provide a better understanding of vaginal microbiota and female genital health.

Keywords: Vaginal Microflora, Genital Health, Lactobacillus spp., Microbiota, Bacterial Vaginosis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)