Indian biotechnology is entering a pivotal stage, marked by a significant scientific, economic, and sociopolitical revolution. This transformation is driven by the growth of genomic systems, the rise of bio-foundries, the establishment of translational biopharmaceutical pipelines, and the incorporation of digital biological systems, thus readjusting India to be part of the global bioeconomy. The current chapter presents a critical analysis of India’s biotechnology path, utilising an integrated approach that encompasses historical development, institutional design, the maturation of regulatory systems, sectoral developments, ethical dilemmas, human capital issues, and future competitiveness. However, unlike other descriptive measures, this evaluation anticipates structural bottlenecks, knowledge gaps, and problems at system levels that may hinder India’s scientific dominance. Although it has been projected that India’s bioeconomy is likely to be worth more than USD 300 billion by 2030, it is being hindered by a fractured regulatory environment, translational bottlenecks, a lack of biomanufacturing complexity, and inter-data gaps. We offer a research-based roadmap on how research can be consistent with sustainability, One Health paradigms, and precision biotechnology, which suggests the need for anticipatory governance, mission-driven funding, and human capital development on a large scale. The chapter concludes by positioning the biotechnology industry in India as one of the critical driving forces behind economic sustainability, national healthcare security, environmental management, and international scientific advancements.

Keywords: Biotechnology, Bioeconomy, Genomics, One health, Regulatory science