Helminth Sensing Mechanisms: From Host Recognition to Immune Invasion

Syed Muhammad Ali Shah, Asim Shamim*

Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

*Corresponding author email: asimshamim@upr.edu.pk

Abstract

Helminths have evolved very complex and advanced mechanisms to infiltrate into their respective hosts. These mechanisms of helminths involve the biosensing of their respective host to detect, enter, and adjust in its body. In this chapter, we will have a detailed focus on helminth sensing, from helminths host recognition to helminths invasion to the immune system of their host. We will also discuss the immune invasion tactics of helminths, i.e., glycan coat mimicry, induction of T cells, polarization of macrophages and dendritic cells, antigenic variation, and modulation of host signaling pathways. We will also delve into the depths of immune modulation strategies adopted by helminths, including suppression of pro-inflammatory responses, promotion of anti-inflammatory responses, inhibition of antigen presentation, and T cell activation. This study will help in the formulation of effective treatment and control strategies for helminth control in the future.

Keywords: Bio Sensing, Helminth Sensing, Glycan Mimicry, Immuno Modulation, One Health, Immune Invasion.