Microplastic Pollution: A Global Challenge Impacting Human Health and its Associated Complications

Pardeep Kumar1, Manpreet Kaur2, Machiavelli Singh1*

1 Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram 122413, Haryana, India.

2Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author email: machiavellisingh@gmail.com

Abstract

Plastic pollution is a global crisis with over 430 million tons of plastic produced annually, two-thirds of which become short-lived waste, contributing to ocean pollution and entering the human food chain. MPs, tiny plastic particles often less than five millimeters in diameter, are a particularly concerning aspect of plastic pollution. These particles are present in various everyday items such as cigarettes, clothing, and cosmetics. Continuous use of these products increases the accumulation of MPs in the environment. MPs enter the oceans through sources like marine plastic litter breakdown, plumbing runoff, and production facility leakage. These particles have toxic and mechanical effects on marine life, including reduced food intake, suffocation, behavioral changes, and genetic alterations.

The effects of MPs extend to humans as well. People can ingest MPs through seafood consumption, inhalation from the air, ingestion from water, and absorption through the skin. MPs have been found in human organs, including the placenta of newborn babies. Research indicates that chemicals associated with MPs can have serious health impacts, particularly affecting women. These impacts encompass changes to human genetics, brain development, respiration rates, and other health issues. The cigarette filters, clothing, and cosmetics industries contribute significantly to MPs pollution. Cellulose acetate fibers in cigarette filters and microfibers from clothing are major sources. Cigarette butts and textile MPs have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems.

Addressing MPs pollution requires a collaborative approach involving policymakers, industries, and consumers. Recommendations include reducing the use of primary MPs in cosmetics, choosing sustainable clothing materials, and adopting better wastewater treatment practices. The complexities of MPs’ threats necessitate comprehensive research, lifestyle changes, and policy interventions to mitigate their impacts on human health and the environment.

Keywords: Microplastics, polyethylene, food packaging, cosmetics, neurotoxicity